Encryption and network security Essay

Honeynets: Observing Hackers’ Tools, Tactics and Motives in a Controlled Environment Solutions to hacker attacks are usually fixes that are developed when damage has been done. Honeynets were solely developed to catch and monitor threats (i. e. a probe, scan or attack). They are designed to gather extensive data about the threats. These data are then interpreted and used for the development of new tools to prevent actual damages to computer systems. Talabis defines a honeynet as a network of high interaction honeypots that simulates a production network and configured such that all activity is monitored, recorded and in a degree, discretely regulated. Seen below is a diagram of a typical honeynet setup as given by Krasser, Grizzard, Owen and Levine. Figure 1 A typical honeynet setup Deployment of honeynets may vary as it is an architecture. The key element of any honeynet is the honeywall. This is the command and control gateway through which all activities come and go. This separates the actual systems from the honeypot systems wherein threats are directed to intentionally. Two more elements are essential in any honeynet. These are discussed below. Data Control Data control is necessary to lessen the risks posed by the captured threats without compromising the amount of data you are able to gather. To do this, connection counting and Network Intrusion Prevention System (NIPS) are used. These are both automated data control. Connection counting limits outbound activity wherein connections beyond the limit are blocked. NIPS blocks or disables known threats before it can attack outbound. The Honeynet Project Research Alliance has defined a set of requirements and standards for the deployment of Data Control. First is the use of both manual and automated data controls. Second, there must be at least two layers of data control to protect against failure. Third, in case of failures, no one should be able to connect to the honeynet. Fourth, the state of inbound and outbound connections must be logged. Fifth, remote administration of honeynets should be possible. Sixth, it should be very difficult for hackers to detect data control. And finally, automatic alerts should be raised when a honeynet is compromised. Data Capture The Honeynet Project identifies three critical layers of Data Capture. These are firewall logs, network traffic and system activity. The data collection capabilities of the honeynet should be able to capture all activities from all three layers. This will allow for the production of a more useful analysis report. Firewall logs are created by NIPS. The Snort process logs network traffic. Snort is a tool used to capture packets of inbound and outbound honeynet traffic. The third is capturing keystrokes and encryption. Sebek is a tool used to bypass encrypted packets. Collected data is hiddenly transmitted by Sebek to the honeywall without the hacker being able to sniff these packets. Risks As with any tool, honeynets are also threatened by risks affecting its usage and effectiveness. These include the risk of a hacker using the honeynet to attack a non-honeynet system; the risk of detection wherein the honeynet is identified by the hacker and false data is then sent to the honeynet producing misleading reports; and the risk of violation wherein a hacker introduces illegal activity into your honeynet without your knowledge. Alerting As mentioned in the requirements and standards set for data control, alerts should be in place once an attack is done to your honeynet. Otherwise, the honeynet is useless. An administrator can monitor the honeynet 24/7 or you can have automated alerts. Swatch is a tool that can be used for this. Log files are monitored for patterns and when found, an alert is issued via email or phone calls. Commands and programs can also be triggered to run. Honeynet Tools Several honeynet tools are available to the public for free so they can setup their own honeynet for research purposes. These tools are used in the different elements of a honeynet. Discussed below are just three of them. Honeynet Security Console This is a tool used to view events on the honeynet. These events may be from SNORTÂ ®, TCPDump, Firewall, Syslog and Sebek logs. Given these events, you will be able to come up with an analysis report by correlating the events that you have captured from each of the data types. The tool’s website lists its key features as follows: quick and easy setup, a user-friendly GUI for viewing event logs, the use of powerful, interactive graphs with drilldown capabilities, the use of simple search/correlation capabilities, integrated IP tools, TCPDump payload and session decoder, and a built in passive OS fingerprinting and geographical location capabilities. Honeywall CDRom Roo This is the recommended tool for use by the Honeynet Project. This is a bootable CDRom containing all of the tools and functionality necessary to quickly create, easily maintain, and effectively analyze a third generation honeynet. Much like the Honeynet Security Console, this tool capitalizes on its data analysis capability which is the primary purpose of why honeynets are deployed – to be able to analyze hacker activity data. GUI is used to maintain the honeywall and to track and analyze honeypot activities. It displays an overview of all inbound and outbound traffic. Network connections in pcap format can be extracted. Ethereal, another tool, can then be used with the extracted data for a more in-depth analysis. Sebek data can also be analyzed by this tool. Walleye, another tool, is used for drawing visual graphs of processes. Although this tool may be useful already, several improvements will still have to be introduced to increase its effectiveness. Walleye currently supports only one honeynet. Multiple honeynets can be deployed but remote administration of these distributed systems still needs to be worked on. Sebek This is a tool used for data capture within the kernel. This is done by intercepting the read() system call. This hiddenly captures encrypted packets from inbound and outbound activities by hackers on the honeypot. Basically, Sebek will tell us when the hacker attacked the honeypot, how he attacked it and why by logging his activities. It consists of two components. First, a client that runs on the honeypot. Its purpose is to capture keystrokes, file uploads and passwords. After capturing, it then sends the data to the server, the second component. The server normally runs on the honeywall where all captured data from the honeypot are stored. Found below is the Sebek architecture. Figure 2 Sebek Architecture A web interface is also available to be able to analyze data contained in the Sebek database. Three features are available: the keystroke summary view; the search view; and the table view which provides a summary of all activities including non-keystroke activities. References Honeynet Security Console. Retrieved October 8, 2007 from http://www. activeworx. org/onlinehelp/hsc/hsc. htm. Krasser, S. , Grizzard, J. , Owen, H., Levine, J. (2005). The use of honeynets to increase computer network security and user awareness. Journal of Security Education, 1, 23-37. Piazza, P. (2001, November). Honeynet Attracts Hacker Attention: The Honeynet Project Set Up a Typical Computer Network and Then Watched to See What Turned Up. Security Management, 45, 34. SebekTM FAQ. Retrieved October 8, 2007 from http://www. honeynet. org/tools/sebek/faq. html. The Honeynet Project. (2005, May 12). Know Your Enemy: Honeynets. What a honeynet is, its value, and risk/issues involved. Retrieved October 8, 2007 from http://www.honeynet. org. Talabis, R. The Philippine Honeynet Project. A Primer on Honeynet Data Control Requirements. Retrieved October 8, 2007 from http://www. philippinehoneynet. org/index. php? option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=18&Itemid=29. Talabis, R. A Primer on Honeynet Data Collection Requirements and Standards. Retrieved October 8, 2007 from http://www. philippinehoneynet. org/index. php? option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=18&Itemid=29. Talabis, R. Honeynets: A Honeynet Definition. Retrieved October 8, 2007 from http://www. philippinehoneynet. org/index. php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=18&Itemid=29. Talabis, R. The Gen II and Gen III Honeynet Architecture. Retrieved October 8, 2007 from http://www. philippinehoneynet. org/index. php? option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=18&Itemid=29. The Honeynet Project. (2005, May 12). Know Your Enemy: GenII Honeynets. Easier to deploy, harder to detect, safer to maintain. Retrieved October 8, 2007 from http://www. honeynet. org. The Honeynet Project and Research Alliance. (2005, August 17). Know Your Enemy: Honeywall CDRom Roo. 3rd Generation Technology. Retrieved October 8, 2007 from http://www. honeynet. org.

Coyote Blue Chapter 27

CHAPTER 27 Food, Gas, Enlightenment, Next Right King's Lake, Nevada The exit sign said, King's Lake, but when they pulled off and followed the ramp around the base of a mesa, there was no lake, no life at all, just a dirt road and a strip of gray wooden buildings with faded facades. A weathered wooden sign read, Emergency, Nevada. The population had been crossed out and repainted a dozen times until, finally, someone had painted a big zero at the bottom and the words We gived up. Coyote stopped the car. â€Å"What do you want to do here?† â€Å"I don't know, but we had to get off the highway before they caught up with us.† Sam got out of the car and peered down the empty dirt street, shielding his eyes against the sun with his hand. A prairie dog scampered across the road and under the wooden sidewalk. â€Å"This road continues out of town. Maybe it joins up with another major road somewhere else. We need a map.† â€Å"No map in the car,† Coyote said. â€Å"We can ask someone.† Sam looked around at the empty buildings. â€Å"Right, let's just stop in at the chamber of commerce and ask someone that's been dead for a hundred years.† â€Å"Can we do that?† Coyote asked, with complete sincerity. â€Å"No, we can't do that! It's a ghost town. There's no one here.† â€Å"I was going to ask that prairie dog.† Coyote walked to where the prairie dog had disappeared under the walkway. â€Å"Hey, little one, come out.† Sam stood behind the trickster, shaking his head. He heard a squeak from under the walk. Coyote looked to Sam. â€Å"He doesn't trust you. He won't come out unless you go away.† â€Å"Tell him we're in a hurry.† Sam couldn't believe he was being snubbed by a rodent. â€Å"He knows that, but he says you have shifty eyes. Go over there and wait.† Coyote pointed down the sidewalk. Sam walked past a hitching post and sat on a bench in front of the abandoned saloon. He watched the road leading to the highway, waiting for the dust cloud from pursuing police cars. The road remained empty. He watched the prairie dog scamper out from under the sidewalk and stand on his hind legs as Coyote talked to him. Maybe he had been a little hasty in thinking Calliope nuts for talking to her kitchen pals. They probably thought he had shifty eyes as well. After a few moments of talking and chattering Coyote threw his head back and laughed, then left the prairie dog in the street and came to where Sam was sitting. â€Å"You've got to hear this one,† Coyote said. â€Å"This farmer has a pig with a wooden leg-â€Å" â€Å"Hey,† Sam interrupted. â€Å"Does he know where the road goes?† â€Å"Oh, yeah. But this is a really good joke. You see-â€Å" â€Å"Coyote!† Sam shouted. Coyote looked hurt. â€Å"You're nasty. No wonder he doesn't trust you. He says that he saw an orange sports car go by a while ago. He says that there's a repair place down the road.† â€Å"Tell him thanks,† Sam said. Coyote headed back toward the prairie dog. Sam dug into his windbreaker for his cigarettes and found a chocolate mint he had taken from the hotel room pillow the night before. â€Å"Wait,† Sam called. He ran to Coyote's side. The prairie dog bolted under the sidewalk. â€Å"Let me talk to him.† Sam bent down and placed the mint in the dirt by the sidewalk. â€Å"Look, we really appreciate your help.† The prairie dog didn't answer. â€Å"I'm not a bad guy once you get to know me,† Sam said. He waited, wondering what exactly he was waiting for. After a minute he started feeling really stupid. â€Å"Okay then, have a nice day.† He went back to where Coyote stood looking at a sign on the saloon door. No Indians or Dogs Allowed. Coyote said, â€Å"What do they have against dogs?† â€Å"What about the Indians part?† Coyote shrugged. â€Å"It pisses me off.† Sam yanked the sign off the door and threw it into the street. â€Å"Good, you're still alive. Let's go.† Coyote turned and headed for the car. â€Å"I'll drive,† Sam said. Coyote threw the keys over his shoulder. Sam snatched them out of the air. As they pulled away the prairie dog dashed into the street and grabbed the mint thinking, That pig joke works every time. -=*=- They drove for twenty minutes, bouncing the big Lincoln over ruts and rocks, and pushing it through washed-out, wind-eroded terrain where the road was reduced to the mere suggestion of tire tracks. The cellular phone rang twice more, but they did not answer it. Sam was suspecting that, once again, Coyote was playing some sort of trick when he spotted the corrugated steel building sticking up out of the desert. The building consisted of one story, roughly the size of a two-car garage. The steel walls were striped with rust and pulling away from the frame in places. The area around the building was littered with abandoned vehicles, some dating back fifty years. Above the doorway, a ragged hole that had been cut with a torch, hung an elegantly hand-lettered sign that read, Satori Japanese Auto Repair. In the doorway stood a slightly built Oriental man in saffron robes, grinning as they pulled up. Calliope's Z was parked in front. Sam stopped the car and got out. The Oriental man folded his hands and bowed. Sam nodded in return and approached the man. â€Å"Do you know where the girl is that was driving that car?† â€Å"What is the sound of one hand clapping?† the monk said. Sam said, â€Å"Excuse me?† The monk ran to Sam and jumped up, screaming in Sam's face, â€Å"Don't think. Act!† Thinking he was being attacked, Sam raised his arms to cover his face and inadvertently hit the monk in the mouth with his elbow, knocking the little man to the ground. The monk looked up at Sam and smiled. â€Å"That was the right answer.† His teeth were red with blood. â€Å"I'm sorry,† Sam said, offering his hand to help the monk up. â€Å"I didn't know what you were doing.† The monk waved Sam away, climbed to his feet, and began to dust himself off. â€Å"The first step to knowledge is not knowing. The girl is inside with the Master.† â€Å"Thanks,† Sam said. He motioned for Coyote to follow and went into the building. It was one room, dimly lit from the doorway and by sunlight filtering through the gaps in the walls. Around the edges, workbenches were stacked with greasy car parts and tools. In the center of the room, on a grass mat, Calliope sat with another monk, this one ancient, drinking tea from tiny cups. She looked up and saw Sam, then without a word ran into his arms. â€Å"I lost him, Sam. The car started making this horrible noise and I had to pull off the highway. Lonnie took Grubb and he's gone.† Sam held her and patted her head, telling her it would be okay, not really believing it, but knowing that was what you were supposed to say. She was soft and warm against him and a musky smell of girl sweat and jasmine was coming off her hair. He felt himself getting aroused and hated himself for the inappropriateness of the feeling, thinking, You sick bastard. Almost as in answer, Calliope said, â€Å"You feel too good,† and buried her face in his chest. She was crying. Behind them, still standing in the doorway, Coyote said, â€Å"Let's go.† Calliope looked around at him, then to Sam. Sam said, â€Å"A friend. Calliope, this is Coyote. Coyote, Calliope.† â€Å"Howdy,† Coyote said. Calliope smiled. â€Å"The Master will now fix the car,† the younger monk said. Sam looked to the tatami mat; the old monk was gone. The young monk turned and went out into the sun. Outside, the Z's hood was open and the old monk was bent over the engine, running his hands over the hoses and wires, but staring off into the distance. Sam realized that he was blind, and noticed that there were fingers missing from each of his hands. â€Å"What's he doing?† Coyote asked. â€Å"Quiet,† the young monk said. â€Å"He is finding the problem.† â€Å"We really have to get going,† Sam said. â€Å"Can we leave the car here and pick it up later?† The monk said, â€Å"Does a dog have a Buddha nature?† â€Å"Does a fish have a watertight asshole?† said Coyote. The young monk turned to the trickster and bowed. â€Å"You are wise,† he said. â€Å"This is nuts,† Sam said. â€Å"We've got another car. Let's go.† â€Å"We've lost them,† Calliope said. â€Å"No, we haven't. We know where they're going, Cal.† â€Å"How do you know?† â€Å"It's a long story. Coyote helped.† â€Å"Not enough,† Coyote said. He pointed to the police cruiser that was bouncing across the desert toward them. Sam looked to the limo and realized that they had run out of time, and, more important, places to run. The cruiser slid to a stop by the limo and they were all engulfed by a cloud of dust. When it cleared, a seven-foot black man stood beside the limo. A bald man in a sport coat was leveling a riot shotgun over the hood at them. â€Å"I'd like the keys to the limousine, please,† Minty said. Calliope looked at Sam. â€Å"Are we in trouble?† â€Å"This is not good,† Sam said. The monk said, â€Å"Life is suffering.† â€Å"You need to get laid,† Coyote said. Sam dug into his pocket for the keys. â€Å"Careful,† said the man with the gun. Minty Fresh approached Sam. â€Å"Relax, Jake,† he said. Then to Sam, â€Å"Mr. Hunter, the police are not really involved in this. I just want two things. I want the keys to the car, and I want to know what the hell is going on here.† â€Å"Quiet!† the monk said. â€Å"The Master is finished.† They looked to the Z, where the old monk was staring blankly in their direction. â€Å"Disharmony in the cam chakra,† he announced. The young monk bowed. Sam wondered about the Master's missing fingers. â€Å"Well?† Minty said. Sam said, â€Å"Do you have a little time?† -=*=- Minty Fresh sat on the tatami mat with Sam while the young monk, who they had found out was named Steve, served them tea. He'd sent Jake back to town and the others were outside fiddling with the broken sports car. Minty wanted some answers. â€Å"Mr. Hunter,† he began. â€Å"There is something very strange about your friend.† â€Å"Really? He seems fine to me. Tell me, though. Do you think I have shifty eyes?† Sam affected his best innocent look. Oh, no, two of them, Minty thought. â€Å"They look normal to me.† They didn't look normal at all – they were golden. Minty hadn't noticed before. Sam said, â€Å"I mean, do I look untrustworthy to you?† â€Å"Mr. Hunter, you stole my employer's car.† â€Å"I'm really sorry about that. Besides that, though. Do I look shifty?† Minty sighed. â€Å"No, not particularly.† â€Å"How about if you were shorter, say, eight inches tall.† â€Å"Mr. Hunter, what is this all about?† â€Å"We really needed the car. It doesn't justify taking it, but we would have brought it back.† â€Å"Look, I'm not going to involve the police in this. Just tell me.† Sam took Minty through the story of Lonnie taking Grubb and the chase, leaving out as many details about Coyote as he could, making their destination in South Dakota seem close, easy. The story was slanted, however; Sam told it with a purpose in mind, thinking as he spoke, You can't sell if you don't pitch. Sam closed, â€Å"If we don't have the limo we won't be able to find Lonnie and get Calliope's baby back. You have a mother, don't you?† Sam waited. â€Å"I'm sorry, Mr. Hunter, I can't let you have it. It's not mine. I'd lose my job.† â€Å"We'll bring it back after we get Grubb.† â€Å"I'm sorry,† Minty said. He climbed to his feet and walked to the door, then turned. â€Å"I'm really sorry.† He pushed his sunglasses up on his face and ducked through the hole in the steel. Sam followed him out. â€Å"Mr. F.,† Sam called. Minty looked up as he reached the car. â€Å"Yes?† â€Å"Thanks for not going to the cops. I understand your position.† Minty nodded and got in the Lincoln. Calliope came up beside Sam and stood with him watching Minty drive away. She said, â€Å"Grubb is all I have.† Sam reached out and took her hand, not knowing what to say, having failed at the only thing he was really good at, talking people into doing things they didn't want to do. The young monk came out of the door behind them. â€Å"The Master is fixing your car,† he said. He was stirring some green tea into an earthenware bowl with a bamboo whisk. â€Å"More tea?† -=*=- They stood together in the sun, watching the old man work. He fingered each bolt carefully before fitting a wrench to it, then removed the bolt so quickly that his hands blurred with the movement. Sam said, â€Å"How long†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Don't talk to him when he works,† Steve cautioned. â€Å"He will finish when he finishes. But don't talk to him. When you work, work. When you talk, talk.† â€Å"Do you get many customers? I mean, you are pretty far out here.† â€Å"Three,† Steve said. He was wearing a straw hat to protect his shaved head. â€Å"Three today?† â€Å"No, just three.† â€Å"Then what do you do in the meantime?† â€Å"We wait.† â€Å"That's all?† Steve said, â€Å"Is that all the patriarch Daruma did at the wall for nine years?† There was no anger in his voice. â€Å"We wait.† â€Å"But how do you pay your rent, buy food?† â€Å"There is no rent. The owner of King's Lake, Augustus Brine, brings us food. He is a fisherman.† â€Å"King's Lake is up the road, right? What is it, a resort?† â€Å"A house of pleasure.† â€Å"A whorehouse that supports Buddhist monks?† â€Å"How sweet,† Calliope said. â€Å"He's got it,† Coyote said, pointing to the Master, who was holding up a rod of polished metal. â€Å"A bent push rod,† Steve said. The master carried the push rod into the shop. They all followed and watched as the old man tightened the rod into a vise. He picked up a hammer and stood over the vise, his free hand feeling the rod. Without warning the old man screamed and delivered a clanging blow to the push rod, then bowed and set the hammer on the bench. â€Å"Fixed,† Steve said, bowing. â€Å"Is that how he lost his fingers?† â€Å"To achieve enlightenment, one must give up the things of this world.† â€Å"Like piano lessons,† Coyote said.

Afghan-war prisoners Essay Example for Free

Afghan-war prisoners Essay American Civil War (234) , Prisoner (26) company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints ? Some insurgents’ failed attempt on an US military convoy was provocation enough for them to gun down 16 civilians, leaving another 25 severely wounded. The groups – dead and alive, contained woman and children. It is an event of March 4, 2007, took place in Iraq, on the Jalalabad highway in eastern Nangarhar province. The day next US army again responded the terrorist attack by 2000-pound aerial bombing in the civilian area, killing five women and three children. This happened at the Kapisa outpost. These are regular features in Iraq; between January 2006 till date, more than thousands of civilians were killed by US attack. Back home, US authorities are no less active under the ‘anti-terrorism’ movement. Ahmed Alenany, an Egyptian physician, was picked up from the road of New York City and was detained for five months, charged with overstaying, in spite of his valid ground of filing for its extension well before the expiry. His fault was that the police found two pictures of WTO in his car and he held a roadmap when arrested. That was one bubble on the sea. The United States securely took away 650 Afghan-war prisoners to their military base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, where they are reportedly passing their days in small single-person cells. India: On July 2005, four Kashmiri youths went to attend a wedding in Vilgam, Kupwara, and while out in the open at night for smoking away from the disapproving adults, three of them were gunned down by the Indian army all on a sudden. Later army admitted its mistake and wanted to compensate, though there was enough effort to suppress this news. India is also experiencing zero tolerance in counter-terrorism, especially after the militant attack on its parliament on December, 2001. They have even created a special law, â€Å"POTA† , which is capable of detaining anyone under the slightest suspicion on any ground of terrorism, that would later arrest 131 Muslims for the Godhra carnage of Hindus in 2002, who later retaliated with the killings of 2000 Muslims throughout the Gujrat state, were mostly able to slip past this law. China: Charged for â€Å"crimes of terror† and â€Å"incitement to separatism†, the popular religious leader Tenzin Delek Rinpoche was arrested in Sichuan on a night in December 2002 and sentenced to death. He was linked to the series of bombings. Same fate met his co-defendant Lobsang Dhondup, even quicker as he was executed. Now the open secret was that the authorities were up against his activities all the time, as he was a known supporter of the Dalai Lama. Egypt: This country has a track record of arresting hundreds of people either for their proximity to the Muslims, or for possessing â€Å"suspicious† literature. In a known case, 94 such victims, allegedly belonging to an â€Å"Islamic Group† though none heard about its name), were arrested in May, 2001. It was before the September 11 attack and after the attack, they were charged additionally for plotting to kill the government officials! The hapless victims belong to almost all rank and file – Doctors, engineers, professors, to name a few. They were dragged into the military courts whose norms, understandably conform to the trial standards set internationally. Accordingly, 51 were convicted! Georgia: Armed by the US support Georgian authorities have targeted the Chechens at Pankisi Gorge, a place which Russia also labelled as a â€Å"haven for the terrorists†. Here the governmental approach to the human rights violations is indicative of non-caring, as it is echoed by the words of its President Eduard Shevarnadze, who, right after extraditing five Chechens to Russia (October 5, 2002) without holding any court, said, â€Å"International human rights commitments might become pale in comparison with the importance of the anti-terrorist campaign† Afghan-war prisoners. (2017, Apr 25).

Is a Computer playing chess using 'brute force' unbeatable Essay

Is a Computer playing chess using 'brute force' unbeatable - Essay Example The computer intelligence and cognition is simply based on the several moves that are stored in its memory. It goes through all the possible moves and chooses the one with the best probability (Razmov V (2010)). The brute force method also tended to have a non evaluative advantage over and above the chess master Garry Kasporov. Human mind cannot record and evaluate all the possible moves in a given situation as it doesn’t have that much retaining capacity. However, after Garry Kasporov defeated the chess player Deep Blue, they refused for a re-match because they feared that Garry had understood their algorithm codes and approaches (Feng-Hsiung, H., 2006, p. 51). They did not want the world to believe that Deep Blue actually has no cognitive power or intelligence except for its highly fast processing power. Thus, the brute force method does not use any artificial intelligence or cognitive powers; it simply is a fast processing and evaluating method used by the computer chess player. It thus looks possible and realistic as Garry Kaporov was able to break the code of the computer and win against it. Chess News (no date)  Nettavisen: We have tested the worlds best chess program  [Online]. Available at:  http://en.chessbase.com/post/nettavisen-we-have-tested-the-world-s-best-che-program  (Accessed on 10

Personal statement apply master Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Apply master - Personal Statement Example I am applying Information management in your esteemed institution since I am extremely interested in the various topics which I have covered in my undergraduate course. My interest in this discipline was aroused in my undergraduate studies in BA Economics since it has a lot of information that needs to be analyzed and evaluated for future reference. On the other hand, information management covers imperative areas which will also broaden my understanding as well as knowledge of the discipline as a whole. Currently, I am a level 3 student which is a high score. This means that given a chance to study for my postgraduate program in your institution, I will be able to further achieve better grades. I am also good leader especially to my fellow students. This is why; I was selected team leader of my study group. This is because; I am not only cooperative, but also a team player who encourages cohesion of all group members. I believe that for any group to be productive there is need to use the right kind of leadership style and that is why I utilize a democratic leadership style in my group. I believe that given a chance to I will be able to add value to the institution’s leadership aspects and enhance personal performance as well as that of the institution. I am passionate about information management and that is why; I am currently reading books that will further enhance the understanding of the discipline. I also understand the essence of taking part in active sports. That is why I take part in basketball, Ping-pong and shooting. If admitted to the university, I will participate in these sports to further its recognition in sports. Taking Information Management is important to me because when I complete my studies, I will go back to China for business. I have work experience from my internship program in International Settlement Department of the Huancheng. The internship gave me firsthand experience in handling date. I think that Information

Affection Of Different Identity Categories Essay

Affection Of Different Identity Categories - Essay Example The development of gender relies on the sex of an individual, and it exaggerates the difference between being either a girl or boy. It is influenced by societal beliefs and cultural practices. People are grouped to be either masculine or feminine in this category. Gender dictates what should be done and by who in the society. They are socialized to acquire traditions and values that that will make him or her to fit in the society. They grow holding the traditions of the community that surface later on in their adulthood. This socialization promotes gender disparity in the society. One grows entirely trying to meet the expectations the community has for them. The girl child is socialized to be like her mother. When young she gets associated with various responsibilities that make her learn the difference between her and boys. She starts imitating what her mother does like cooking, playing with dolls, and also cleaning. She grows knowing that women have the responsibility to prepare, t aking care of the kids, aged the sick, cleaning and mainly doing the domestic chores. One becomes an adult knowing that their place is at home and not in the public sphere. Gender determines the courses that we do in schools and also the jobs to do. Gender stereotypes male child. Boys are said to take part in courses such as mathematics and also medicine field while girls who viewed to be feminine are supposed to do social sciences. It further affects the level of employment for women since they cannot freely choose their career.  

Critically discuss the organisational purposes that job analysis can Essay

Critically discuss the organisational purposes that job analysis can serve - Essay Example Job analysis in the words of Armstrong (2006, p.446) is â€Å"the process of collecting, analyzing and setting out information about the content of jobs in order to provide the basis for a job description and data for recruitment, training, job evaluation and performance management. Job analysis concentrates on what job holders are expected to do.† The data collected in this practice pertains to the identification of job, its nature, involved operations, type and use of materials and equipments, inter-relation with other jobs and also the attributes of the person who will be handling the job- capabilities, training, educational level, competencies, knowledge, et cetera. Job analysis thus aims at planning for and analyzing the external environment factors or task and role components on which people have to be fit in according to their suitability and relevance. Successful human resources entail properly defined and prior settings of parameters related to worker’s abiliti es, job activities and environmental components. Job analysis serves as the pre-requisite in inter-linking these three types of analyses namely- worker, job and environmental; and account for overall designing of jobs, role and tasks and respective skills and talents demanded to fill those jobs (Pilbeam & Corbridge 2010). The US Department of Labor (2004) devised the Occupational Information Network database for categorized information on different occupations. Better known as O*NET, the classification diagram (Figure 1) depicts all broad and specific descriptors required to analyze a job. Jonassen et al. (1999, p.64) present a comprehensive view of the O*NET whereby the work descriptors are segregated into experience, worker and occupation requirements, characteristics regarding worker and occupation and other specifications. Figure 1 demonstrates the specific components covered under the three analyses heads which make up the sections for data collection in job analysis. In the co ncerned figure, the data heads pertaining to the job make up the Job Description while those related to the individual are known as Job Specification. Thus, these two are the outputs of job analysis function (IRS 2003). Figure 1: Occupational Network Diagram Source: Jonassen et al. (1999, p.64) Organizational structure is comprised of occupations which are characterized by jobs possessing similar characteristics- for example; the occupation of marketing involves closely related marketing activities but come under the commonality of marketing occupation. Every occupation in turn is made up of different positions whereby tasks assigned to people are different based on their competencies and abilities. This is where the role of job analysis emerges. Job analysis serves as the building block of organizational structure because it differentiates the position of individuals from that of their actual assigned tasks and roles. Such minute details establish processes, work methods, performan ce standards, training and development needs, incentives and compensation and promotion and appraisal plans for each job, position and occupation, based on the three analyses conducted. Job analysis assumes important place in human resources management because of its significance and implications in both strategic and operational issues of an organization. Job analysis when broken

Marketing Principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Marketing Principles - Essay Example ncepts of IKEA, it has been apparently observed that the company has been fundamentally implementing the core marketing concepts of market driving and strong supplier base relationship approaches. From the perspective of market driving approach, the company focuses upon altering the existing circumstances of its overall business environment in several ways. Commonly, the ways include developing the exclusive internal business procedures, effectively shaping the structure of the target market creating strong influences on the industry structure and most importantly, offering products and/or services to the customers with innovative value propositions. For instance, with regard to strong supplier base relationship approach, the company was able to successfully identify the requirements of forming as well as maintaining strong interrelation with its different suppliers with the purpose of competing with the chief business market players and subsequently increasing the customer base in i ts targeted market (Tarnovskaya & et. al., n.d.). The different elements of marketing process of IKEA have been identified as offering inclusive product ranges along with attaining competitive pricing benefits through the effective utilisation of its valuable resources. In relation to analyse one of the imperative constituents of marketing procedure of IKEA, it can be observed that the company largely focuses upon producing better design and quality products at low prices. With regard to the effective utilisation of the available resources as another imperative element of its marketing process, IKEA emphasises upon maximising its required raw materials to satisfy the needs as well as the preferences of the customers by a greater extent (Inter IKEA Systems B.V., 2012). It is worth mentioning in this context that the company has earned a significant amount of revenue as well as attained huge business growth due to its effectual adoption as well as implementation of core marketing

Public Meeting Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Public Meeting Paper - Essay Example Last week, the council circulated a notice on an intended public meeting to be held in the Town Hall on Tuesday, November 1, 2011 starting 9.00 am to 11.00 am. The meeting Seated at the front were committee members along a hardwood table with the chairperson at the middle. Attendants were busy making adjustments on the microphone in order to ensure maximum audibility and on the projector to ensure that images focused fell on the projector sheet at the right angle with a favorable light intensity for maximum clarity. The chairperson, a young man in his late twenties, is a stickler for thoroughness, and he could not head a half-done work. The stage was all set and the music started booming from the large speakers placed at all corners of the hall. On the public side of the hall, the new benches proved inadequate for the many residents that showed up for the meeting. The room had become stuffy before the meeting started, but one of the attendants tapped a switch on the wall. The fans ab ove burst into life and a refreshing breeze filled the hall, freeing the public from the discomfort that had started to spread despite the chilly weather outside. The only security guard at the event could even manage a smile as he cast glances across the hall. Tempe town is known for its peace-loving residents and probably that is why organizers found it unnecessary to hire more security officers for the event. Since people are quite unpredictable, meetings like these should have more security guards since a group of calm people can turn to a mob at the slightest provocation. Organizers of the event should have put more thought into this, and that is why, though not in this particular meeting, they may end up learning a security lesson the hard. It is also necessary to consider that shooters on rampage have increased and as such, venues form a perfect niche for maximum casualty infliction. At exactly 9.15 am, the master of ceremony walked to the stage along the brightly lit aisle, took the microphone, and requested a local Baptist church pastor to lead with opening prayers. The treasurer then read the financial report for the last six months. Using graphs and diagrams, he explained the financial status of the council, giving both income and expenditure outlines. He used a laser pointer to emphasize on essential details of which the public was supposed to take note. The treasurer’s speech was elaborate giving all the technical detailed information of the trading, profit and loss account, the balance sheet and cash flow sheet among other details. Though important, the public could benefit more if the report was given in layman terms and language. Most people were seen to yawn with many moving out incessantly. A few odd ones were asleep despite the congestion on the hard benches, a clear indication of how tasking it was listening to this accounting jargon. Though the meeting went on smoothly, a rule should have been made to limit people from going out of the hall, especially when a speaker was talking. Because of these movements, attention shifted from the speaker so frequently that the chairperson had to call for order three times in a row. After question time, the chairperson gave his speech in which he thanked the public for continuous support of the council’s activities. The chairperson apologized to those who did not understand the

A Tablet for a Salesperson-So they can take their orders instead of Essay

A Tablet for a Salesperson-So they can take their orders instead of writing them down and faxing them - Essay Example Abstract Bosch Corporation is regarded to be one of the world leaders in the fields of technology and services. The businesses that are concerned with service sector need to be well updated in terms of the customers’ needs and preferences. In this regard, to manage the customers better, Tablet can be a useful device for the salespersons. This study is mainly concerned with the Bosch’s proposed plan to provide Tablets to its salespersons. There are a number of benefits that can be gained by the use of Tablets in the business. In this regard, technological solutions have been provided to the given problems of ineffective business operations. 2. Brief Company Background The Bosch Group is one of the foremost universal suppliers of technology & services. In the fiscal 2012, its approximately 306,000 associates generated huge sales of US$67.5 billion. In the business region of North America, the Bosch Group has 24,587 associates, and in the business year 2012 it achieved tot al consolidated sales of US$10.6 billion. Since long time, Bosch has been operating in various business sectors such as automotive technology, industrial technology, consumers goods, energy and building technology and health care [1] (Bosch, 2013). Bosch is well known electronics and engineering technology oriented company which is trusted by global consumers for its software innovations along with system solutions. Bosch has been operating in the business of developing high-end technology since the year 1886, and has had a strong presence in the United States (US) till the time of 1906. Since the initiation of Bosch, American customers persist to positively react to the innovation as well as quality of Bosch. Robert Bosch was the founder of Bosch in Stuttgart, Germany in the year 1886. All through the history of the company, Bosch has been steered by these unique ideals. Bosch continues to be a company dedicated to the innovation and forward movement while being firmly grounded in the energizing culture formed by its founder [2] (Bosch, 2013). Its values can be determined as follows: Future along with Result Focus Responsibility Initiative along with Determination Openness as well as Trust Fairness Cultural Diversity Legality, Credibility and Reliability [3] (Bosch, 2013) With these considerations, the study is mainly associated with Bosch Corporation, one of the premium global suppliers of services & technology. During its operations, it has been witnessing various business problems and as a reason of that a strategy can be taken to provide Tablets to the salespersons to take customers’ orders instead of writing them down & faxing them to the company. Possible audience for this study could be both the senior management and sales department of Bosch. 3. Discussion of Business Problem(s) The use of varied technologies has become a commonplace affair in global business activities of organizations. Without the incorporation of technology, no business can prosper and cannot even survive. Bosch is one of the global leaders attaining huge number of sales worldwide. To define the business problem of Bosch, there is a requirement to explain its operations. Bosch operates in four major segments such as mobility, home products, industry solutions & software solutions. Therefore, there is a requirement to handle a huge customer base (Robert Bosch GmbH, n.d.). Bosch has been witnessing certain problems regarding its customer service operations. Bosch’

Jonestown and Jim Jones Essay Example for Free

Jonestown and Jim Jones Essay Jonestown and its leader, Jim Jones Behind every religious or social movement is the leader that created it. James â€Å"Jim† Warren Jones was the father of the â€Å"People’s Temple† turned â€Å"Jonestown†. The lifetime of the movement created by Jim Jones started with bright beginnings and concluded with a dark end. It was filled with impressive expressions of faith and sinister examples of control. One cannot help to ask what it was that created the man who started it all and how did it arrive at its abrupt end? Jim Jones was born on May 13, 1931 in a rural area of Randolph County, Indiana. His mother, Lynetta Putnam Jones, believed she had in fact given birth to a Messiah, foreshadowing Jones’ future as Reverend of the People’s Temple. She claims that her dead mother appeared to her in a dream telling her that she would bear a son who would right the wrongs of the world.[1] In order to keep her dreams of her son claiming his messiah-ship alive she raised him with Methodist beliefs. However, due to the economic difficulties of the Great Depression the Jones family had to move to nearby Lynn, Indiana where Jim grew up in a shack void of any indoor plumbing. With little else to do to ease his situation, Jim became an avid reader and studied the works and life of individuals such as Joseph Stalin, Karl Marx, Mahatma Gandhi and Adolf Hitler.[2] Shortly after graduating High School and marrying Marceline Baldwin Jones he became a member of the Communist Party of the USA in 1951. In 1960, Indianapolis Democratic Mayor Charles Boswell appointed Jones director of the Human Rights Commission. Jones however was not shy about trying to share his views on integration with the public. Some examples of his radical integrationist theories include Jones helping to integrate churches, restaurants, the telephone company, the police department, a theater, an amusement park, and the Methodist Hospital in his area.[3] Moreover, included in his efforts, was an incident occurring after swastikas were painted on the homes of two African American families in the surrounding neighborhood. Jones personally walked the area, comforting African Americans and counseling white families not to move out. Similarly, he set up variousstings to catch restaurants refusing to serve African American customers. He also wrote to American Nazi leaders then proce eded to leak their responses to the media. Finally, when Jones had accidentally been placed in the black ward of a hospital after he had collapsed, he refused to be moved and began to make the beds, and empty the bed pans of black patients in the ward. Boswell had advised Jones to keep a low profile, but he ignored these warning by finding new outlets for his views on local radio and television programs. When he was asked to cease his actions, he resisted and was cheered on at a meeting of the NAACP and Urban League.[4] Jim Jones became the subject of incredible amounts of criticism because of his beliefs.[5] For example, white-owned businesses and locals were very critical of him. Accounts of vandalism and terror inflicted on Jim Jones include a swastika being placed on the Temple, a stick of dynamite being left in a Temple coal pile, and a dead cat being thrown at Jones house after a threatening phone call. There is speculation that Jones himself may have been an accomplice to several of these acts.[6] It is clear that whether these acts were self-perpetuated or not, Jones met incredible amounts of opposition in his early years when trying to voice his views and opinions. He posed the problem to himself of how to demonstrate his Marxist views. His decision was to infiltrate the church when he had witnessed multiple faith healing ceremonies at a Baptist church. In 1952, Jones became the student pastor of Sommerset Southside Methodist Church. To his surprise, he was not only allowed in the church but was given a leadership position despite his political views.[7] Jones saw how the church drew in massive numbers of people no matter their current social situation or background. He also realized the need these people had for some sort of reassurance from whatever oppression they felt. Jim Jones would later feed on that weakness he saw in people to create his Temple. Jones sought to embody the characteristics that would appeal to the most people looking for comfort. He used his views of socialism, integration, and perceived oppression to gather a rather substantial  following. One way he embodied these views, especially of integration, was the creation of his so called â€Å"rainbow family†. Jim and Marceline Jones adopted several children of at least partial non-Caucasian ancestry. The two adopted three children of Korean-American descent. They were Lew, Suzanne and Stephanie. Jones had long been encouraging his Temple members to adopt orphans from war ravaged Korea. In 1954, he and his wife also adopted Agnes Jones, then 11 years old and partially of Native American descent. Suzanne Jones was adopted at the age of six 5 years later. In June 1959, the couple had their only biological child, Stephan Gandhi Jones. The couple also adopted another son, who was white, named Tim. Tim Jones’ birth mother was a member of the Peoples Temp le, was originally named Timothy Glen Tupper. Two years later, in 1961, the Jones family made history by becoming the first white couple in Indiana to adopt a black child, who they named James Warren Jones, Jr.[8] This act brought Jones’ integrationist views to complete embodiment. He said to his people that integration had become much more of a personal issue to him and his family; that it was a matter of their future in this world. Jones even translated this term over to the Temple as well by referring to them as a â€Å"rainbow family in their own way.[9] The People’s Temple was started in Indianapolis in the mid 1950’s. Some members recall that the Temple purported itself to practice what it called apostolic socialism.[10] After Jones had received a considerable amount of criticism in Indiana for his integrationist views, he journeyed to Brazil looking for a safe haven to move his Temple; this trip was also the first time that Jones had been to Guyana. After his return, Jones made wild claims that the world would soon be engulfed in a nuclear war. He even went so far as to predict a date. This would all happen on July 15, 1967. These events would inevitably then create a new socialist Eden on earth, and thus the Temple must move to be alive in order to take part in this wonderful utopia that was to come. Jones read in esquire magazine that the rural Redwood Valley of California was to be safe from nuclear war.[11] As a result of Jones’ instance, the members left their lives in Indiana behind and the Temple moved to Redwood Valley, California in 1965. The Temple’s popularity grew and in the early 1970s, the Peoples Temple opened other branches in a number of cities including San Fernando and San Francisco. In the mid-1970s, the Temple officially moved its headquarters to San Francisco, CA.[12] After the Temples relocation to San Francisco, it became increasingly more active in politics. For example, the People’s Temple is credited with a large part in the mayoral election of George Moscone in 1975. As a result of their efforts, Moscone appointed Jones as the Chairman of the San Francisco Housing Authority Commission.[13] Unique to Jones from other figures considered as cult leaders by the public is that Jones held the public support and had contact with some of the highest level politicians in the United States at the time. A few of these influential politicians include Vice President, later Presidential candidate, Walter Mondale and First Lady Rosalynn Carter. In September of 1976 Governor Jerry Brown, Lieutenant Governor Mervyn Dymally, and Assemblyman Willie Brown, among others, attended a large testimonial dinner, in which Willie Brown served as the master of ceremonies, held in honor of Jones. Brown is quoted as saying, â€Å"Let me present to you what you sho uld see every day when you look in the mirror in the early morning hours†¦ Let me present to you a combination of Martin Luther, Angela Davis, Albert Einstein, and Chairman Mao.†[14] What was life like in the Temple that drew in such a large number of followers? For most members the life inside the Temple represented exactly what they wanted the world to become. Blacks and Whites were freely worshipping together. Jones’ son, Stephan Jones, said â€Å"You saw every walk of life†.[15] Everyone had their own reasons for joining the Temple; individuals each heard their own message. Another ex-member, Laura Johnston Kohl, stated her view as â€Å"People came to make a dramatic change in their lives, to make a dramatic change in the world†.[16] Terri Burford, yet another ex-member, recalls her first encounter with the temple. She says, â€Å"I had $20 to my name and I was hitchhiking up between Ukiah and Redwood Valley, where the Temple was. Somebody picked me up who was a member of the Temple and he said, ‘You know if you’re looking for a place to stay, a place to sleep, we’ll get some food, I’ve got the place for you. I belong to this wonderful church and they feed the hungry, they take care of the sick. Furthermore, the person who runs this thing is God’†.[17] This view of Jones as God was more than likely self-perpetuated and his followers latched on to it. In a recording of a sermon at the Temple Jones says, â€Å"Some people see me as the representative of the I am†¦ Some people see a great deal of God in my body. They see Christ in me, a hope of Glory.† Jones also asked his members to refer to his as â€Å"Dad† or â€Å"Father†. Members claimed that Jones had a special gift that no one else possessed, they were enchanted by him.[18] Even outsiders that visited the Temple found their own kind of sanctuary. Harvey Milk, who spoke at political rallies at the Temple and wrote to Jones after his visit to the Temple: Rev Jim, It may take me many a day to come back down from the high that I reached today. I found something dear today. I found a sense of being that makes up for all the hours and energy placed in a fight. I found what you wanted me to find. I shall be back; for I can never leave. The mentality so evide nt from Harvey Milk’s writing was not unique to him; it was shared among the members of the temple.[19] Life in the Temple was not as perfect as it was portrayed to be. The faith healings that were central to his ministry that Jones put on were a hoax. The individual’s that experienced these healings and claimed to have never met Jones had actually set up the whole act. Jones even played on the emotions of new members to strengthen his claims. Hue Fortson, JR. recounts the process of how these healings on new members were set up by Jones, â€Å"We had greeters at the front door and every time one entered the service they would take their name supposedly for the mailing list. But lo and behold they staff workers would take that same name on the card. They would go by people’s houses; sometimes they looked at trash cans, sometimes they’d knock on the doors, if they weren’t there they’d break a window and they’d go in. So when that person came back to church, if they decided, they would use that person as one of his healing services. But, basically that was part of the set up to get people into the room. That he had some kind of extra special gift that no one else had.†[20] Save for a few members that played a role in Jones set ups, everyone truly believed in these healings. â€Å"I didn’t know the healings were phony. I believed in spiritual healing and I am not the only person in the room that believed in it. A lot of people believed in spiritual healing† said Tim Carter.[21] When Chronicle reporter Marshall Kilduff got wind of the People’s Temple he made it his mission to write an exposà © on the group. Little did he know the kinds of stories and the number of people he would encounter. What Kilduff would come to find out stood with incredible contrast to the humanitarian image that Jones had created for his Temple and its members. Ex-members relayed stories of systematic abuse within the Temple. Terri Buford commented, â€Å"There were a lot of beatings in the Temple. People who strayed from the path one way or the other, talked to an outsider or had a relationship with an outsider or something like that. Or did something that was considered Capitalistic, they would get beaten in front of the church. You couldn’t just get up and leave; people would drag you back in. There wasn’t the choice of walking out and saying, ‘this isn’t tolerable’. You didn’t have that choice.† [22] A number of recordings from Temple services depict Jones as saying that individuals that were experiencing these beatings were getting exactly what they deserved; that they deserved it all. Jones is on record as telling his followers that he was the only true heterosexual. Yet, there is at least one account of his sexual abuse of a male member of his congregation in front of the followers, ostensibly to prove the mans own homosexual tendencies existed. Jones is also recorded as laughing during the proceedings of the abuse. He claims that it was something he needed to do in order to control the group, he deemed it necessary. In his mind and in the minds of the Temple members experiencing this, it was the idea that the end justified the means. It was all with the goal of a perfect utopian society in mind. Kilduff was taken aback by the number of accounts he had received. He reported that in the beginning it was hard to discern who was telling the truth and who was lying but by the end when multiple individuals came to him with the same stories of abuse he could no longer question its legitimacy. When Kilduff had compiled his findings into the exposà © of the decade he tried to go public with it. However, his magazine wouldn’t touch it and neither would many other magazines or newspapers. This was thanks to Jones’ political support from years of his humanitarian image. It wasn’t until Nine West magazine made the decision to pick up the story that Jones made the decision to uproot his entire Temple to the Guyanese land.[23] In the fall of 1973, Jones and an influential Temple member Timothy Stoen prepared an immediate action plan in order to respond quickly to a police or media scandal based on the acts of the Temple. The plan listed included many options for escape, one of which was a Caribbean missionary post. For this post, the Temple quickly chose Guyana because of its socialist politics and after it researched the Guyanese economy and extradition treaties with the United States. In October 1973, the directors of the Peoples Temple voted to pass a resolution to establish an agricultural mission project there. Former Temple member Tim Carter, who also traveled to Guyana with the migratory group, stated that the reasons for choosing Guyana were â€Å"the Temples view of creeping fascism, the perceived dominance of multinational corporations on the government, and perceived racism in the U.S. government.† Carter also said the Temple concluded that â€Å"Guyana, a predominantly Indian, English-s peaking socialist country, would afford black members of the Temple a peaceful place to live†. This peaceful life for all members but especially the black members of the Temple was central to Jones’ appeal. Later, Guyanese Prime Minister Forbes Burnham stated that what may have attracted Jones was that he wanted to use cooperatives as the basis for the establishment of socialism, and maybe his idea of setting up a commune meshed with that†.[24] Jones also thought it was important that Guyanas leadership consisted of several black leaders and that the country was small and poor enough for Jones to easily obtain influence and official protection just as he had done in the States. An initial group of approximately 500 members began the construction of Jonestown in their new Guyanese home. The Temple encouraged some of its members to move to Jonestown, formally named the Peoples Temple Agricultural Project. Jones and his Temple members viewed Jonestown as both their own socialist paradise and a sanctuary from the increasing media scrutiny they were under saying, â€Å"He believed we’re the purest communists there are†. His wife described Jonestown as â€Å"dedicated to live for socialism, total economic and racial and social equality. We are here living communally†.[25] The relatively large number of immigrants to Guyana overwhelmed the Guyanese governments comparatively small immigration system. Jones reached an agreement to guarantee that Guyana would permit Temple members mass migration. In order to accomplish this, he told officials that Temple members were skilled and progressive†, he also reportedly showed off an envelope that held a half of one million dollars. He told the officials that he would invest the majority of the churchs assets into Guyana. The Guyanese immigration procedures were also corrupted to inhibit the departure o f Temple defectors. Just like the emigration policies of the Soviet Union, Cuba, North Korea and other communist republics that the Temple wished to emulate, Jones did not permit members to leave Jonestown. He also bribed the officials to delay processing of the visas of any Temple opponents wishing to visit.[26] In the summer of 1977, Jones and several hundred more Temple members uprooted and moved to Jonestown with the hopes of escaping the building pressure from San Francisco media investigations like the exposà © from Kilduff. In fact, Jones is reported to have left the same night that the editor at New West magazine read Jones the article to be published by Kilduff that recounted the allegations by former Temple members.[27] An unprepared Jonestown quickly became overcrowded, buildings fell into disrepair and weeds encroached on fields after the arrival of Jones and his Temple members. The people’s lives in Jonestown significantly changed. Like many socialist countries, propaganda shorts detailing Soviet life given by the Soviet embassy as well as documentaries on the problems of the United States policies were viewed in place of the entertaining movies that the first group of Jonestown members enjoyed before Jones’ arrival. School study and night time lectures for adults became a discussion time about revolution and enemies for Jones. For the first several months, Temple members worked all but one day a week, from 6:00 in the morning until 6:00 at night, with only an hour for lunch in the midst of this 12 hour day. Thankfully In 1978, after Jones health took a turn for the worse his wife, Marciline, began managing more of Jonestowns operations. As a result, the work week was reduced to eight hours a day for only five days a week.[28] After the days work ended, Temple members would attend several hours of activities in a main pavilion. Among these activities were classes in socialism. Hugh Fortson, Jr. remembers these hours of studying simply, â€Å"It was always ‘America is going to fall’ and Armageddon is coming’’ he said.[29] Jones thought this system copied that of North Korea’s; 8 hours of work immediately following 8 hours of intensive study. This was combined with the Temples practice of gradually subjecting its followers to mind control and behavior-modification techniques. Jones would often read news and commentary. Jones recorded readings of the news were part of the majority of the constant broadcasts over Jonestowns speaker system in order for all members to hear them no matter the time. Jones news readings typically portrayed the United States as a capitalist and imperialist villain, meanwhile casting socialist leaders in a positive light. Terri Buford recalls, †Å"From 6 in the morning until 10 at night, we heard him†.[30] Evidence of Jim Jones’ knowledge of what he was doing to his followers is clear in his comments during an interview about an ensuing custody battle with one defector. Speaking of the child and if he was taken away he said, â€Å"That he’d be deprogrammed, that his mind be taken and used by their evil means and whatever chemicals to try to drain his mind.†[31] Among some of the controlling things that Jones subjected his followers to were the â€Å"White Nights†. Mass suicide had been previously discussed in simulated events on a regular basis. During at least one such prior White Night, members drank liquid that Jones falsely told them was poison. Grace Stoen recalls one such event. She states, â€Å"I can remember we were in a planning commission meeting and Jim says, ‘You know I really love you guys. I’m going to let you guys drink wine. You don’t think I love you.’ So we were all given this wine that was from the ranch. Jim said, ‘Has everybody drank their wine?’ And some people had said, ‘Well, I don’t want any.’ Then Jim said, ‘No everybody is going to drink this.’ So we all drank it and Jim asks, ‘Has everybody drank that wine?’ We all said yes. He says, ‘Okay, you all have 10 minutes to live.†[32] Laura Johnston Kohl, who was at that same meeting, finishes the account by saying, â€Å"Jim said, ‘That was poison, because we need to commit revolutionary suicide.’ We needed to be totally committed to this cause, period. And you can’t be part way; you can’t do it part way.†[33] Yet another example of Jones’ controlling nature is in his â€Å"special privileges†. While Jones banned sex among Temple members outside of marriage, he himself voraciously engaged in sexual relations with both male and female Temple members. Jones claimed that he detested engaging in homosexual activity and did so only for the male temple members’ own good, purportedly to connect them symbolically with him.[34] The majority of Jones political allies in the States severed their connections after Jones departure, however, some did not. Willie Brown spoke out in support at a rally at the Peoples Temple in San Francisco. More importantly though for Jones and the Temple, Moscones office issued a press release stating that Jones had broken no laws during his time in the US.[35] In the fall of 1977, relatives of Temple members in Jonestown formed a Concerned Relatives group. The group ventured to Washington D.C. in the winter of ‘78 to address their concerns for their family in Jonestown. The groups’ efforts raised the curiosity of Congressman Leo Ryan. There was growing pressure in the States to investigate the Temple. On April 11, 1978, the Concerned Relatives distributed documents, including letters and affidavits, that they en titled an Accusation of Human Rights Violations by Rev. James Warren Jones to the Peoples Temple, members of the press and members of Congress. In June 1978, escaped Temple member Deborah Layton provided the group with a further affidavit detailing alleged crimes by the Peoples Temple and substandard living conditions in Jonestown.[36] In November 1978, U.S. Congressman Leo Ryan led a venture to Jonestown to investigate allegations of human rights abuses from the documents distributed by the Concerned Relatives. Ryans traveling companions included relatives of Temple members, Don Harris, an NBC network news reporter, an NBC cameraman and reporters for various newspapers. The pack arrived in Georgetown on November 15. Then on November 17, Ryans delegation traveled by airplane to Jonestown. The delegation left hurriedly with a number of temple defectors on the afternoon of November 18 after Temple member Don Sly attacked Ryan with a knife. Congressman Ryan and his people succeeded in taking fifteen Peoples Temple members out of Jonestown to the airstrip where their planes were waiting. At the time, Jones had made no attempt to prevent their departure.[37] As members of Ryans delegation boarded two planes at the airstrip, Jones Red Brigade, his armed guards, arrived in a trailer and opened fire on the group of escaping individuals. Simultaneously, one of the supposed defectors, Larry Layton, drew a weapon and began firing on members of the party that had already boarded a small Cessna. Among those that the guards killed were Congressman Ryan; Don Harris, a reporter from NBC; Bob Brown, a cameraman from NBC; San Francisco Examiner photographer Greg Robinson; and Temple member Patricia Parks. Those that managed to survive the attack were future Congresswoman Jackie Speier, then a staff member for Ryan; Richard Dwyer, the Deputy Chief of Mission from the U.S. Embassy at Georgetown; Bob Flick, a producer for NBC News; Steve Sung, an NBC sound engineer; Tim Reiterman, a San Francisco Examiner reporter; Ron Javers, a San Francisco Chronicle reporter; Charles Krause, a Washington Post reporter; and several defecting Temple members.[38] Later that same day, 909 inhabitants of Jonestown, 303 of them children, died of apparent cyanide poisoning, mostly in and around the main pavilion. This became the single greatest loss of American civilian life in a non-natural disaster; that is until the September 11, 2001 attacks.[39] No video was taken during the mass suicide, although the FBI did recover a 45 minute audio recording of the suicide in progress. On that tape, Jones tells Temple members that the Soviet Union, with whom the Temple had been negotiating a potential exodus for months, would not take them after the Temple had murdered Ryan and four others at a nearby airstrip. Jones justified his actions by saying, â€Å"So my opinion is that we be kind to children and be kind to seniors and take the potion like they used to take in ancient Greece, and step over quietly because we are not committing suicide. Its a revolutionary act. We cant go back. They wont leave us alone. Theyre now going back to tell more lies which means more congressmen. And theres no way, no way we can survive.† Jones and several members argued that the group should commit revolutionary suicide by drinking cyanide-laced grape-flavored Flavor Aid. Jones put into his followers’ minds that there was no hope for anything anymore. This was their only way out; they might as well do it on their terms. He furthered the hopelessness of the situation by telling them that people were going to parachute in on them. They were going to shoot the bab ies and torture the members. Jones continually says how he has tried to prevent this from happening for months, how he has always had the people’s best interest in mind, and how he has never lied to them. He told them that this was the time to die, to die with some dignity. In the 45 minute recording a member, Christine Miller, opposed Jones’ radical proposition toward the beginning of the tape.[40] According to escaped Temple members, children were given the drink first and families were told to lie down together. Jones was later found dead in a deck chair with a self-inflicted gunshot wound to his head. An autopsy of Jones body also showed levels of Pentobarbital, which may have been lethal to humans who had not developed physiological tolerance. His drug usage which included LSD and marijuana was confirmed by his son, Stephan Jones and their family doctor in San Francisco.[41] Jones can be compared with other radical religious leaders. One example of these leaders is David Koresch; the leader of the Heaven’s Gate group situated in Waco, Texas. Their time as a community also ended in tragedy. While Koresch had a set world view that he would not have compromised for anything in the world, Jones had more of an eclectic world view. His theology could be tailored to fit his social motivations. He picked the aspects of religions that he thought would favor the growth of a socialist society. He also viewed himself and his followers as the purest form of their kind. This purist society has apocalyptic undertones. The creations of their own utopia would lead to the ultimate utopia to come. Jones and Koresch were also the only individuals allowed access to outside information. As previously stated, Jones read the news and discussed the social issues of the day with his followers, but he was the keeper of knowledge. Both leaders spent hours on end with their followers conversing about their views on the world. Also, each leader was granted special privileges. Koresch and Jones shared their views of sexual relations; for the members it was restricted and for them it was unregulated. The apocalyptic nature of the Jonestown community is also very clear. The most notable is the constant pressure from outsiders. In their world they were oppressed for their beliefs and sought refuge with like-minded people. That brought them to Jonestown and the next example of their apocalyptic nature. The members of the Temple wished only for the purest of societies and they worked hard to achieve that utopia in Guyana. The move to Guyana was a result not only of the perceived persecution they were under but also on Jones’ play on social anxiety of the end of the world due to nuclear warfare. All of these situations exemplify the apocalyptic nature of the People’s Temples and Jonestown. In the years following the massacre the view of Jonestown has skewed from a religious group to a cult. The interest and investigation of the so-called cult has also weaned. A member of the Concerned Relatives group has said, â€Å"As soon as we label a religion a cult, we dismiss it. We no longer have to investigate it, what did they believe? It doesn’t matter.†[42] [1] Reiterman, Tom; Jacobs, John, The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People (Dutton: Raven, 1982) [2] Hall, John R., Gone from the Promised Land (Transaction publishers, 1987) [3] Wessinger, Catherine , How the Millennium Comes Violently: From Jonestown to Heavens Gate, (Seven Bridges Press, 2000) [4] Reiterman; Jacobs, Untold Story [5] Wessinger, Millennium Comes Violently [6] Reiterman; Jacobs, Untold Story [7] Wessinger, Millennium Comes Violently [8] Reiterman; Jacobs, Untold Story [9] Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple People Events PBS.org. 8 December 2012 [10] Dawson, Lorne L., Cults and new religious movements: a reader, (Wiley-Blackwell, 2003) [11] Witness to Jonestown. 2008. Film. 8 Dec 2012. [12] Layton, Deborah. Seductive Poison. (Anchor, 1999) [13] Jonestown: Life and Death [14] Reiterman; Jacobs, Untold Story [15] Witness to Jonestown. 2008. Film. 8 Dec 2012. [16] Witness to Jonestown. 2008. Film. 8 Dec 2012. [17] Witness to Jonestown. 2008. Film. 8 Dec 2012. [18] Witness to Jonestown. 2008. Film. 8 Dec 2012. [19] Reiterman; Jacobs, Untold Story [20] Witness to Jonestown. 2008. Film. 8 Dec 2012. [21] Witness to Jonestown. 2008. Film. 8 Dec 2012. [22] Witness to Jonestown. 2008. Film. 8 Dec 2012. [23] Witness to Jonestown. 2008. Film. 8 Dec 2012. [24] Reiterman; Jacobs, Untold Story [25] Reiterman; Jacobs, Untold Story [26] Reiterman; Jacobs, Untold Story [27] Witness to Jonestown. 2008. Film. 8 Dec 2012. [28] Reiterman; Jacobs, Untold Story [29] Witness to Jonestown. 2008. Film. 8 Dec 2012. [30] Witness to Jonestown. 2008. Film. 8 Dec 2012. [31] Witness to Jonestown. 2008. Film. 8 Dec 2012. [32] Witness to Jonestown. 2008. Film. 8 Dec 2012. [33] Witness to Jonestown. 2008. Film. 8 Dec 2012. [34] Reiterman; Jacobs, Untold Story [35] Reiterman; Jacobs, Untold Story [36] Reiterman; Jacobs, Untold Story [37] Witness to Jonestown. 2008. Film. 8 Dec 2012. [38] Witness to Jonestown. 2008. Film. 8 Dec 2012. [39] Witness to Jonestown. 2008. Film. 8 Dec 2012. [40] Jones, Jim. Death Tape, Jonestown, 8 12 12. Speech. [41] Wessinger, Millennium Comes Violently [42] Witness to Jonestown. 2008. Film. 8 Dec 2012.

Existentialism in Camus The Stranger Essay Example for Free

Existentialism in Camus The Stranger Essay Existentialism is often defined as a philosophical movement or tendency, emphasizing individual existence, freedom and choice. As a result of the diversity of positions associated with this term it is impossible to define precisely. There are, however, basic themes common in existentialist beliefs. As is evident through the root of the word, exist, there is a stress on definite individual existence and freedom of choice. Developed between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, this ideology influenced literature greatly. A prime example of the incorporation of certain aspects of existentialism is witnessed in Albert Camuss The Stranger. The use of existentialism within his work assists in the development of his characters; it determines how they will act and respond to their surroundings. The aforementioned actions are often unique due to the influence of existentialism. Meursault is the major character in The Stranger. He is considered the personification of existentialism, the existential hero if you will. He is emotionally indifferent to others and, as the prosecutor of his case words it, a coolly calculating monster. Meursault is alienated from society throughout the tale as he accepts individual responsibility for his unique progression. Throughout Camuss The Stranger there are references to an event that occurs at the outset of the novel and exhibits ideals inherent to existentialism: the death of Meursaults mother. His insensitivity is introduced through the emotions, or lack thereof, that he displays upon news of the death of Maman. He seemingly cares not for his own mother as is shown in his opening statements: Maman died today. Or yesterday maybe, I dont know. I got a telegram from the home: Mother deceased. Funeral tomorrow. Faithfully yours. That doesnt mean anything. Maybe it was yesterday. He is more concerned with the time of the death rather than the fact that he has just lost a loved one. In addition, Meursault is more concerned about his surroundings at the home and in the mortuary, rather than the fact that his mother lies dead in a casket, several feet from him. As the caretaker proceeds to approach the casket so as to give Meursault a last look at his mother, Meursault himself stops him. As the caretaker asks just why he requests the casket left closed the only reason Meursault can give is, I dont know. During the funeral procession he seems much more alert to the suns rays beating down on him, choosing to forget where he is and the task at hand. The lack of compassion and refusal to behave the way society expects him to act are what essentially make him an existentialist. Several mundane yet life altering events are also taken into account by Meursault in an existential attitude. He meets a woman named Marie while swimming the day following Mamans funeral. Despite the death that had just occurred, he finds joy in her company and does not let his loss bother him. Later on, Marie inquires as to whether Meursault would be interested in marrying her. In response he states, I said it didnt make any difference to me and that we could if she wanted to. Such an insensitive response is intrinsic to the beliefs of an existential. This is only exemplified as he answers the same way when she queries him on his love for her. Marriage is considered by society to be an important event in life yet Meursault wanders from the beaten path, in an example of the theory of existence preceding essence or that one is in control of their own destiny. He demonstrates this belief once again as his boss offers him a chance to move to Paris where he would attain a change in life. Meursault is indifferent on the subject as he does not desire more and was not dissatisfied by what he had now. The boss was upset at this turn of events and Meursault simply returned to work stating, I would rather not have upset him, but I couldnt see any reason to change my life. He gives no rational explanation as to why he would want to change his life or not, only that it was not important and one life was just the same as another, showcasing another basic standard of existential belief. The climax of the book comes during Meursaults trial for the murder of the Arab and yet another rendition of existentialism is divulged. Camus begins to ridicule the legal system as his characters trial continues, making apparent the fact that Meursault is truly an outsider. Camus conveys this by making Meursault feel out of place at his own trail and rushing it along as if it is a minor insignificance. The prosecutors main base of offense is that Meursault did not exert emotions during his mothers funeral, for he was guilty. The prosecutor alienates him because he had not followed societys current misconceptions when confronted with a situation that one was supposed to grieve during. In his closing arguments, the prosecutor says, But here in the wholly negative virtue of tolerance must give way to the sterner but loftier virtue of justice. Especially when emptiness of a mans heart becomes, as we find it has in this man, an abyss threatening to swallow up society; as if to say that the murder of the Arab was a direct result of the stoic mindset Meursault held at Mamans funeral. Once again society has rejected him by distorting the truths of the case and trying him for that single event rather than that which he was convicted for. In making Meursault a stranger from society and the legal system, Camus reveals his philosophy of existentialism. The highly influential effect of the existentialist beliefs on the literature of the twentieth century is clearly revealed in the overall content and mood within Camuss The Stranger. The character of Meursault exhibits a bold existentialist attitude throughout the story that, on several occasions, explodes forth in a sharp contrast to his normal submissive personality; a most noticeable occasion being his outburst during his episode with the chaplain when he snapped after having an epiphany. It did not matter that he was being killed and the chaplain living another day, for he had lived his life and taken hold of his fate; therefore was certain as to what would come. The chaplain had his empty prayers but Meursault was sure of himself; his life and his death. Another notable occasion in which he offers an outlook on existentialism is during his stay in prison. He no longer had anyone or thing to worry about but himself. He is able to dissect himself and examine what his future will bring, and experiences several emotions often grouped with existentialism; the most outstanding being fear and anxiety. Society had declared Meursault absurd because of his unrelenting uniqueness and through this, the title of the book may be derived. Meursault has become a stranger in his own world, a social outcast punished for crimes which are both ridiculous and yet the norm. Camus, through his utilization of Meursault, has thoroughly explained the absurdities of life and how they, along with the actions of Meursault, thoroughly portray his existentialist beliefs as they were meant to be. By supplying Meursault with the nature to rebel against preconceived misconceptions, Camus has managed to provide the reader with the ability to easily decipher and gain insight to the ideals of an existentialist.

Impact of Financial Sector Development on Nigeria

Impact of Financial Sector Development on Nigeria IMPACT OF FINANCIAL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT ON SECTORIAL GROWTH IN NIGERIA: IMPLICATION FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA SECTION ONE Introduction Basically, the banking sector and the non-bank institutions make up the financial system in Nigeria which is responsible for the development of economic growth in the Country. During the pre-liberalization era (from 1986 and below), government had sufficient financial resources to finance a reasonable proportion of economic activities (Adegbite, 2005). However, this era suffered from artificially low cost of commercial credit resulting in inappropriate pricing of credit and deposits, acute scarcity of loanable funds in the system and lastly low level of capital formation for economic development. Studies reveal that the flow of credit to the priority sectors did not meet the prescribed targets and failed to impact positively on output and domestic prices (Nnanna, 2001; Mordi, 2009). In an attempt to make the financial sector buoyant, the government decided to deregulate and liberalize all the sectors of the economy as outlined in the Structural Adjustment Program introduced in1986. During this period, interest rates were low and this eased the flow of credit to the desired sectors of the economy. By 1992, the number of banks had risen from 56 in 1986 to 120 and a capacity utilization rate of 38.1%, while the GDP rate stood at 2.9%. Due to the banking distress from 1994 to 2002, the total number banks dwindled to 99. However, the capacity utilization rose to 48% with an increased growth rate of 4%. This was due to recapitalization process undertaken by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) to sustain the financial sector, hence, making it competitive. In 2004, the consolidation exercise made the banking industry a leading player in the actualization of the goals set by the government for the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS) programme. In 2009, as part of the broad economic measures to respond to the adverse effects of the global financial and economic crises, the CBN in conjunction with the fiscal authorities engineered measures to avert a collapse of the financial system with a view to maintaining economic growth (Odeniran and Udeeaja, 2010). Unfortunately, the supply of credit to investors remains questionable as capacity utilization rate is still low (50%), thus, retarding economic growth with GDP of 7.5%. Despite the increasing developments within the financial sector, economic growth still lags behind. A lot of studies have investigated the nexus between financial sector development and economic growth on an aggregative approach. However, their studies did not look at the specific sectors which f inancial development influences in Nigeria, for example, agricultural sector, manufacturing sector, industrial sector and the external sector. Hence, a fundamental question that arises is to find out whether a link exists between financial sector development and economic growth. Going to specifics, this study aims at answering the following questions: What is the effect of financial sector development on the agricultural sector in Nigeria? What is the effect of financial sector development on manufacturing sector in Nigeria? What is the effect of financial sector development on industrial sector in Nigeria? What is the effect of financial sector development on the external sector in Nigeria? What are the constraints associated with financial sector development in Nigeria? Research Objectives The main objective of this work is to investigate the link between the financial development and economic growth in Nigeria. The specific objectives are: To examine the impact of financial sector development on the agricultural sector in Nigeria. To investigate the effect of financial sector development on the manufacturing sector in Nigeria. To analyze the impact of financial sector development on the industrial sector in Nigeria. To study the effect of financial sector development on the external sector in Nigeria. To identify the constraints associated with financial sector development in Nigeria. Theoretical Review The relationship between financial sector development and economic growth covers a broad spectrum of ideas such as intermediation, repression, liberalization, regulation, diversification, innovations, reforms and implementation. Though financial systems are mere intermediaries that insure the optimal allocation of savings for investment (Chick, 1998), however, they play a decisive role in the process of economic development (Stiglitz, 1998). These views are upheld by the pre-Keynesians and also recognized by the post-Keynesians, though with some degree of discordance. Keynes in the 1930s hypothesized that finance precedes savings (Zina and Trigui, 2001). However, the basic import of the post- Keynesians such as Asimakopulos (1983), Kregel (1984-5), Davidson (1986), Richardson (1986) and Terzi (1986), in their chronological analysis, suggest that savings apparently appears to be a by-product in the process of the income creation. Two important theories that emerged in 1973 and have lent credence to the Keynesian hypothesis are the McKinnon’s â€Å"Complementarity Hypothesis† and Shaw’s â€Å"Debt Intermediation View†. In their thesis they both argued that the repressed financial markets (low and administered interest rates, domestic credit controls, high reserve requirements and concessional credit practices) discourages savings, retards the efficient allocation resources, increases the segmentation of financial markets, constrains investment and in turn lowers the economic growth rate (see, Bouzid, 2012). These fundamen tal ideas of McKinnon-Shaw are enshrined in the â€Å"Repression Theory† and thus depict a positive relationship between interest rate and financial development. However, a number of authors feel that liberalizing the financial systems is the ultimate goal for investment and economic activities thus complimenting the McKinnon-Shaw thesis. Many developing countries have implemented financial liberalization policies through the market-based interest rate determination, reducing controls on credit by gradually eliminating the directed and subsidized credit schemes, developing primary and secondary securities markets, enhancing competition and efficiency in the financial system by privatizing nationalized commercial banks with the aim of eliminating repressed regimes as suggested by the â€Å"Liberalization Theory†. Two other hypotheses that explain financial development and economic growth are the â€Å"Supply Leading Hypothesis† and â€Å"Demand Following Hypothesis†, in line with the views of Patrick (1966) and Demirguc-Kunt and Levine (2008) postulate a feedback mechanism between economic growth and financial development. According to the supply-leading hypothesis, financial deepening stimulates economic growth. The demand-following hypothesis on the other hand, posits economic growth precedes financial development. This implies advancements in economic activities trigger an increase demand for more financial services and thus leading to greater financial sector development (Gurley and Shaw 1967), also in line with the views of Goldsmith (1969) and Jung (1986). A positive relationship between financial sector development and economic growth has largely been projected by â€Å"Exogenous Growth Models† as well as â€Å"Endogenous Growth Models†. Bencivenga and Smith (1991) and Levine (1991) endogenous growth models to a greater extent have identified the channels through which financial markets affect long-run economic growth. The end result of this model is that economic growth performance is related to financial development, technology and income distribution (see, Chukwuka, 2012). The growth models developed by Harrod and Domar affirm the role of investment in economic growth, based on the dual characteristics of investment: Firstly, investment creates income â€Å"Demand Effect† and secondly, it augments the productive capacity of the economy thereby increasing its capital stock â€Å"Supply Effect†. In summary, the Harrod-Domar growth model postulates that economic growth will proceed at the rate which society can mobilize domestic savings resources coupled with the productivity of the investment (Somoye, 2002). Empirical Review Substantial literature have analyzed the link that exist between financial system development and economic growth. These analyses have raised a lot contention on the direction of causality, but however fall within the remits of the theories. First, the Harrod-Domar growth model leads to a hypothesis which affirms a one-way causality from financial development to economic growth. Second, there is unidirectional causality from growth to finance, empirically confirmed by Shan, et al (2001) who concluded that economic growth causes financial development in China. And the third which does not rule out a bi-directional causality between economic growth and financial development as hypothesized in early and recent literature (Gurley and Shaw 1960, 1967; Bencivenga and Smith, 1991). Measuring financial development as the ratio of financial intermediary assets divided by gross national product, Goldsmith (1969) analyzed data from thirty-five countries for the period 1860-1963 and discovered that a positive correlation with feedback effects existed between financial development and economic growth over longer periods. He however established that financial development largely occurs during the early stages of economic development when countries have low levels of income. De Gregor and Guidotti (1995) reached the same conclusion that financial development and economic growth are strong in the early stages of development but further showed that the effect of financial development on growth becomes weaker as countries become more developed, perhaps because of problems with measuring financial development or because financial intermediaries actually have larger effects in less developed countries than in more developed ones and this is in line with the findings of Wachtel and Rousseau (1998) while considering five industrialized Countries. These argument has been debunked in the finding of Besci and Wang (1997) who reached the conclusion that even though financial development occurs and may precede economic growth, its direction of causality is unclear in an economic sense. In a similar work, Rousseau and Sylla (1999) further found strong support for finance led growth after examining the historical role of finance in the U.S from 1790-1850. Empirical studies have shown that financial development can lead to economic growth only through financial sector development at the micro level. For instance, Rajau and Zingales (1998) in their study showed that industrial sectors that relatively need more external finance develop more disproportionately faster in countries with more developed financial markets. Beck and Levine (2002) supported this finding using different financial development measures. Wurgler (2000) noted that countries with a higher level of financial development increase investment more in growing industries and decrease investment more in declining industries than financially underdeveloped economies. In Nigeria, Adelakun (2010), used the ordinary least squares estimation method to determine the perceived relationship between financial development and economic growth. The result showed that there is a substantial positive effect of financial development on economic growth in Nigeria, however, this requires diversification of financial instruments. Shittu (2012) using data from 1970 to 2010 employed the error correction mechanism also concluded that financial intermediation can propel economic growth in Nigeria. These findings are contrary to earlier studies. For instance, Ndebbio (2004), using an ordinary least squares regression analysis, established that the strength of the effect of financial sector development on per capita growth of output is weak due to the absence of a well functioning capital market, while Nnanna (2004) using the same approach concluded that financial sector development did not significantly affect per capita growth of output. Odeniran and Udeaja (2010) tested the nexus between financial development in a VAR framework over the period 1960-2009. Their results suggest bidirectional causality between financial development and economic growth variable. Based on this finding, they indicate that the current reforms in the Nigerian banking sector should not be emphasized unilaterally. Rather, attention should be given to the complimentary and coordinated development of financial reforms and changes in the real sector of the economy. Methodology and Source of Data Choosing the indicators for financial development is an uphill task because the provision of financial services is broad. Adelakun (2010) noted that, there is a diverse array of agents and institutions involved in the financial intermediation activities, thus making the definition of proxies difficult. Thus, for simplicity this study shall adopt Erdal et. al (2007) model, which is a slight modification of the growth model of Ram (1999). Thus, the model shall be adopted to include the different sectors to be investigated. Financial development indicators to be considered are: Money supply to GDP ratio (M2) measures the degree of monetization in the economy as well as the depth of the financial sector, bank deposit liabilities to GDP ratio(BK), determines the capacity of the banking sector, domestic credit to GDP ratio (DC), which reflects the extent to which financial intermediaries allocate savings, ratio of private sector credit to GDP ratio (PS) which profitable investments, monitor managers, facilitate risk management, and mobilize savings, real interest rate (Ri), the ratio of bank liquidity to GDP (BKL), the ratio of gross fixed capital formation to GDP (GFC), trade openness as a ratio of GDP (TO) is a measure of external sector, agriculture out to GDP ratio (AG) for the agriculture sector, GY, which is the annual growth of the gross domestic product (GDP), industrial output to GDP ratio (IO) and manufacturing to GDP ratio (MA). The different model specifications are: And the overall financial growth link is given as: A Priori Expectation The expected signs of all the coefficients for the different variables are positive except for the interest rate coefficients which are negative. Source of Data The data shall be collected from the Central Bank of Nigeria’s statistical bulletin, Nigerias National Bureau of Statistics and World Bank world development report. References Adelakun, O (2010): â€Å"Financial Sector Development and Economic Growth in Nigeria†.International Journal of Economic Development Research and Investment Vol. 1, No 1. Adegbeti, E. (2005): â€Å"Financial Sector Reforms and Economic Development In Nigeria: The Role Of Management†. Being a Paper Delivered At The Inaugural National Conference Of The Academy Of Management Nigeria At Abuja, Nigeria Titled Management: Key To National Development, at Rockview Hotel, Abuja. Asimakopulos, A. (1983): â€Å" Kalecki and Keynes on finance, investment and saving†. Cambridge Journal of Development of Economics, 7 : 221-33. Besci, Z. and Wang, P. (1997) â€Å"Financial Development and Growth†Economic Review 4th Quarter 46-62 Bencivenga, V. and Smith, B. (1991): â€Å"Financial intermediation and endogenous growth†. Review of Economic Studies, 58(2): 403–44. Bouzid, A. (2012): â€Å"McKinnon’s Complementarity Hypothesis:Empirical Evidence for the Arab Maghrebean Countries† The Romanian Economic Journal,r XV no. 44 Pp 23-35 De Gregorio, J. and P.E . Guidotti. (1995). â€Å"Financial development and economic growth†. World Development, 23(3): 433-48 Chick,V. (1998): â€Å"Finance and investment in the context of development : a Post-Keynesian perspective –, in Kalevi,J. and Fontaine, J.M.: Restoring Demand in the World Economy: Trade, Finance and Technologie â€Å".Edward Elgar,Cheltenham, UK.Northampton, MA, USA. Demirgà ¼Ãƒ §-Kunt, A. and R. Levine (2001b): â€Å"Bank-Based and Market-Based Financial Systems: Erdal G., Okan, V. S. and Behiye, T. (2007). Financial Development and Growth: Evidence from Northern Cyprus, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, Issue 8. Goldsmith, R.(1969): â€Å"Financial Structure and Development,† Yale Univ. Press, New Haven CN. Gurley and Shaw, 1960, Money in a Theory of Finance, the Brookings Institution Gurley, J and Shaw, E. (1960). â€Å"Financial intermediaries and the saving- investment process†. Journal of Finance. Levine, R, N. Loayza, and T. Beck (2000) â€Å"Financial Intermediation and Growth: Causality and Causes†, Journal of Monetary Economics, 46, pp. 31-77 Mordi, C (2009): â€Å"Overview of Monetary Policy Framework in Nigeria†. CBN Bullion Vol 33, No 1. Ndebbio, J.E. (2004). â€Å"Financial deepening, economic growth and development: Evidence from selected sub-Saharan African Countries†. Research Paper 142 African Economic Research Consortium, Nairobi, Kenya, August. Nnanna, O (2001): â€Å"Monetary Management: Objectives, Tools and the Role of Central Banks in the Region†. Regional Forum on Economic and Financial Management for Parliamentarians, Nigeria: WAIFEM. Nnanna, O.J (2004). â€Å"Financial Sector Development and Economic Growth in Nigeria: Economic and Financial Review Sept. Vol. 42, No. 3. Odeniran, S. and Udeaja, E. (2010): â€Å"Financial Sector Development and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Nigeria†. Central Bank of Nigeria Economic and Financial Review Volume 48/3 Patrick,T. (1966): â€Å"Financial Development and Economic Growth in Underdeveloped Countries†, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 14, 174-189. Rajan, R. G. and L. Zingales, (1998) â€Å"Financial Dependence and Growth† American Economic Review 88, 559-586. Ram, R. (1999). Financial Developing and Economic Growth: Additional Evidence. Journal of Development Studies, 35(4), 164-74. Rousseau, P. (1999) â€Å"Finance, Investment, and Growth in Meiji-era Japan.†Japan and the World Economy 11, 185-198 Rousseau, P. L and R. Sylla (1999): â€Å"Emerging Financial Markets and Early U.S Growth†, NBER Working Papers 7448, Rousseau, P.L. and R.Sylla (2001): â€Å"Financial Systems, Economic Growth, and Stabilization†, NBER Working Paper No.8323, June Shan, J.Z., F. Sun and L. Jianhong. (2006). Does Financial Development Lead to Economic Growth? The case of China. Annals of Economics and Finance 1, 231-250 Shan, J.Z., F. Sun and A. Morris, (2001). Financial Development and Economic Growth. Review of International Economics 9, 443-54 Shittu, A. (20012): â€Å"Financial Intermediation and Economic Growth in Nigeria†. British Journal of Arts and Social Sciences ISSN: 2046-9578, Vol.4 No.2 (2012) Stiglitz, J. (1998): â€Å"The Role of the Financial System in Development†. Presentation at the Fourth Annual Bank Conference on Develoment in Latin America and the Caribben, San Salvador, El Salvador, June 29. 3 Terzi,A.(1986: â€Å"The independence of finance from saving : a flow of funds interpretation†. Journal of Post-Keynesian Economics, 9(2) : 188-97. Wachtel, P. and P. Rousseau (1998). â€Å"Financial Intermediation and Economic Performance: Historical Evidence from Five Industrialized Countries†, Journal of Money credit and Banking Volume 30, Number 4 Wurgler, J. (2000). â€Å"Financial Markets and the Allocation of Capital†, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol.58 pp. 187-214.